Efeito da forma de aquecimento em parâmetros de qualidade e identidade de óleos vegetais / Effect of the heating means in quality and identity parameters of vegetable oils

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar parâmetros de identidade e qualidade de óleo de abacate produzido nacionalmente, comparativamente a azeite de oliva e óleo de arroz, após aquecimento em bloco digestor ou micro-ondas. Avaliaram-se amostras sem aquecimento (controle) e aquecidas por 1:30 h em bloco digestor ou 3 min em micro-ondas. Determinaram-se a acidez e os índices iodo e refração. Os resultados indicaram que houve aumento de acidez, redução no índice de iodo e índice de refração após o aquecimento. Apesar do maior valor de acidez após o aquecimento, o óleo de abacate sofreu menor elevação em relação ao controle (cerca de 4 vezes) do que as demais amostras. O impacto do aquecimento foi maior no óleo de arroz, seguido do azeite de oliva. O aquecimento por micro-ondas afetou mais a qualidade das amostras que o aquecimento em bloco digestor.

Contaminación intradomiciliaria por material particulado fino (MP2, 5) en hogares de recién nacidos / Indoor air pollution by fine particulate matter in the homes of newborns

Introducción: La contaminación de aire por material particulado (MP) es un importante problema de salud pública. En Chile se ha estudiado la contaminación atmosférica y MP10, y escasamente aire interior y MP2,5. Como los recién nacidos y los lactantes pasan la mayoría del tiempo en el hogar, es necesario evaluar la exposición a la contaminación intradomiciliaria en esta población susceptible. Objetivo: Determinar la concentración de MP2,5 en hogares de recién nacidos e identificar las fuentes de emisión contaminante. Pacientes y método: En 207 hogares se recolectó la concentración de MP2,5 ([MP2,5]) por 24 h y se evaluó la información sociodemográfica y los factores ambientales (calefacción, ventilación, tabaquismo intradomiciliario y aseo del hogar). Resultados: La [MP2,5] mediana fue 107,5 μg/m³. El antecedente «asma familiar¼ se asoció a menor [MP2,5] (p = 0,0495). Hogares sin uso de calefacción mostraron la menor [MP2,5] mediana, 58,6 μg/m³, mientras los que usaron leña, parafina, electricidad entre 112,5 y 114,9 μg/m³ y brasero 162,9 μg/m³. Hogares que usaron leña tuvieron diferencias significativas en [MP2,5] mediana (p = 0,0164) al usar estufa de combustión completa (98,2 μg/m³) versus cocina a leña (112,6 μg/m³) y salamandra (140,6 μg/m³). En el 8,7% de los hogares se reportó consumo de cigarrillos, no asociándose a [MP2,5]. La ventilación se asoció a mayor [MP2,5] mediana (120,6 vs. 99,1 μg/m³; p = 0,0039). Conclusión: Hubo hogares con [MP2,5] elevada, siendo el consumo residencial de leña casi universal y asociado a [MP2,5]. La ventilación natural incrementó el MP2,5 interior, probablemente por infiltración desde el exterior.

Introduction: Air pollution by particulate matter (PM) is a major public health problem. In Chile, the study has focused on outdoor air and PM10, rather than indoor air and PM2.5. Because newborns and infants spend most of their time at home, it is necessary to evaluate the exposure to indoor air pollution in this susceptible population. Objective: To determine concentration of PM2.5 in the homes of newborns and identify the emission sources of the pollutants. Patients and Method: The PM2.5 concentration ([PM2.5]) was collected over a 24 hour period in 207 households. Baseline sociodemographic information and environmental factors (heating, ventilation, smoking and house cleaning), were collected. Results: The median [PM2.5] was 107.5 μg/m³. Family history of asthma was associated with lower [PM2.5] (P = .0495). Homes without heating showed a lower median [PM2.5], 58.6 μg/m³, while those using firewood, kerosene, and electricity ranged between 112.5 and 114.9, and coal users’ homes reached 162.9 μg/m³. Wood using homes had significant differences (P = .0164) in median [PM2.5] whether the stove had complete combustion (98.2 μg/m³) vs. incomplete (112.6 μg/m³), or a salamander stove (140.6 μg/m³). Cigarette smoking was reported in 8.7% of the households, but was not associated with the [PM2.5]. Ventilation was associated with a higher median [PM2.5] (120.6 vs. 99.1 μg/m³, P = .0039). Conclusion: We found homes with high [PM2.5]. Residential wood consumption was almost universal, and it is associated with the [PM2.5]. Natural ventilation increased MP2.5, probably due to infiltration from outside.

Newborns' temperature submitted to radiant heat and to the Top Maternal device at birth / Temperatura dos recém-nascidos submetidos ao calor radiante e ao dispositivo Top Maternal ao nascimento / Temperatura de los recién nacidos sometidos a calor radiante y al dispositivo Top Maternal al nacimiento

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the axillar temperatures of newborns that are put immediately after birth in skin-to-skin contact under the Top Maternal device, as compared to those in a radiant heat crib. Methods: comparatives observational study of the case-control type about temperature of 60 babies born at the Obstetric Center and Normal Delivery Center of a public hospital of the municipality of Sao Paulo, being them: 29 receiving assistance in heated crib and 31 in skin-to skin contact, shielded by a cotton tissue placed on mother's thorax, called Top Maternal. Results: the temperature of the babies of the skin-to-skin contact group presented higher values in a larger share of the time measures verified, as compared to those that were placed in radiant heat crib, independently from the place of birth. Differences between the two groups were not statistically significant. Conclusion: the study contributes to generate new knowledge, supporting the idea of keeping babies with their mothers immediately after birth protected with the Maternal Top, without harming their wellbeing, as it keeps the axillar temperature in recommendable levels.

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar a temperatura axilar dos recém-nascidos acomodados - imediatamente após o nascimento - em contato pele a pele, sob o Top Maternal, em berço de calor radiante. Método: estudo comparativo observacional do tipo Caso-Controle sobre a temperatura de 60 bebês nascidos no Centro Obstétrico e Centro de Parto Normal de um hospital público do município de São Paulo, sendo: 29 assistidos em berço aquecido e 31 em contato pele a pele, protegidos por uma malha de algodão colocada sobre o tórax da mãe, denominada Top Maternal. Resultados: a temperatura dos bebês do grupo de contato pele a pele teve maior valor na maioria dos tempos verificados comparada à dos que foram colocados em berço de calor radiante, independentemente do local de nascimento. A diferença entre os grupos não foi estatisticamente significante. Conclusão: o estudo contribui com a geração de um novo conhecimento que sustenta a manutenção dos bebês com suas mães imediatamente após o nascimento por meio do contato pele a pele protegidos pelo Top Maternal, sem prejuízos ao seu bem-estar, uma vez que a temperatura axilar se manteve em níveis recomendáveis.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar la temperatura axilar de los recién nacidos (Rn) acomodados, inmediatamente después del nacimiento, en contacto piel con piel, bajo el Top Maternal, en cuna de calor radiante. Método: estudio comparativo observacional del tipo Caso Control sobre la temperatura de 60 bebés nacidos en el Centro Obstétrico y Centro de Parto Normal de un hospital público del municipio de Sao Paulo, siendo: 29 asistidos en cuna calentada y 31 en contacto piel con piel, protegidos por un tejido de algodón colocado sobre el tórax de la madre, denominado Top Maternal. Resultados: la temperatura de los bebés del grupo de contacto piel con piel fue más alta en la mayoría de los tiempos verificados, ello comparado con los que fueron colocados en cuna de calor radiante, independientemente del local de nacimiento. La diferencia entre los grupos no fue estadísticamente significativa. Conclusión: el estudio contribuye con la generación de un nuevo conocimiento que sustenta que se debe mantener a los bebés con sus madres inmediatamente después del nacimiento por medio del contacto piel con piel protegidos por el Top Maternal, sin perjuicios a su bienestar, una vez que la temperatura axilar se mantuvo en niveles recomendables.

Pre-heating mitigates composite degradation

ABSTRACT Dental composites cured at high temperatures show improved properties and higher degrees of conversion; however, there is no information available about the effect of pre-heating on material degradation. Objectives This study evaluated the effect of pre-heating on the degradation of composites, based on the analysis of radiopacity and silver penetration using scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Material and Methods Thirty specimens were fabricated using a metallic matrix (2x8 mm) and the composites Durafill VS (Heraeus Kulzer), Z-250 (3M/ESPE), and Z-350 (3M/ESPE), cured at 25°C (no pre-heating) or 60°C (pre-heating). Specimens were stored sequentially in the following solutions: 1) water for 7 days (60°C), plus 0.1 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for 14 days (60°C); 2) 50% silver nitrate (AgNO3) for 10 days (60°C). Specimens were radiographed at baseline and after each storage time, and the images were evaluated in gray scale. After the storage protocol, samples were analyzed using SEM/EDS to check the depth of silver penetration. Radiopacity and silver penetration data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s tests (α=5%). Results Radiopacity levels were as follows: Durafill VS<Z-350<Z-250 (p<0.05). The depth of silver penetration into the composites ranked as follows: Durafill VS>Z-350>Z-250 (p<0.05). After storage in water/NaOH, pre-heated specimens presented higher radiopacity values than non-pre-heated specimens (p<0.05). There was a lower penetration of silver in pre-heated specimens (p<0.05). Conclusions Pre-heating at 60°C mitigated the degradation of composites based on analysis of radiopacity and silver penetration depth.

Prevalence and Molecular Diversity of Legionella pneumophila in Domestic Hot Water Systems of Private Apartments.

Aims: To determine the prevalence of Legionella spp. in domestic hot water systems and evaluate the molecular diversity among these Legionella spp. Isolates. Place and Duration of Study: Sample collection area was the city of Aqaba, Jordan, between May and December 2012. Sample analysis was done in Ben-Hayyan international laboratories, Aqaba city, and the molecular microbiology laboratories, Taibah University, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: Two hundred (200) water samples were collected randomly from hot water tanks of private apartments, and were tested for the occurrence of Legionella spp. using direct membrane filtration method followed by species identification using Gram stain, the API 20NE biochemical system and the Legionella species latex agglutination test. Genotype characterizations of the Legionella isolates was carried out using DNA extraction followed by RAPD-PCR amplification with OP-A3 primer and analysis of the resulting patterns. Results: Of the 200 samples, 17 (8.5%) were positive for the presence of Legionella spp. A total of 15 (88.2%) out the 17 positive samples were confirmed as Legionella pneumophila, 10 of them were of serogroup 1 and 5 isolates were of serogroup 2-14, the remaining two isolate were Legionella species other than L. pneumophila. RAPD-PCR analysis classified all 17 Legionella isolates into three groups. Serogroup 1 isolates were classified into group A, serogroup 2-14 isolates in group B and Legionella spp. isolates in group C. Group A was further sub-clustered into two subgroups, genotype A1 containing isolates collected from hot water tanks of a temperature set at 25-30°C and A2 containing isolates collected from hot water tanks of a temperature set at 55-80°C. Conclusion: This study showed the colonization of the plumbing systems of private houses by Legionella spp. and demonstrated that the temperature of the water tanks maybe one of the most important factors that affect the genotypic behavior of Legionella pneumophila.

Fluid heating system (SAF®): effects on clinical and biochemistry parameters in dogs submitted to inhalatory anesthesia / Sistema de aquecimento de fluidos (SAF®): efeitos sobre parâmetros clínicos e bioquímica sérica em cadelas sob anestesia inalatória

PURPOSE: To evaluate and describe immediate effects of the infusion of saline solution heated by SAF® in bitches submitted to halothane anesthesia. METHODS: Thirteen bitches were employed and submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy in acclimatized operating room at 22ºC, allocated in two groups: GI, which received non-heated fluid and GII, which received fluid heated at 37ºC by SAF®. The following parameters were evaluated in 30-minutes intervals (M0, M30, M60 and M90): rectal and cutaneous temperatures (TR and TC), cardiac and respiratory frequencies (HR and ƒ), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), serum concentration of urea, creatinin, serum activities of alanin aminotranspherasis (ALT), alkaline phosphatasis (ALP) and also hypnosis parameters. RESULTS: There were no significant alterations on clinical and biochemical, but there was group effect on mean arterial blood pressure, urea, ALT, ALP and hypnosis parameters. CONCLUSION: The isolated use of Fluid Heating System (SAF®) was not enough to avoid hypothermia or lead to significant clinical and biochemical alterations in bitches submitted to halothane anesthesia.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar e descrever os efeitos imediatos da infusão de solução salina 0,9 por cento aquecida pelo SAF® sobre cadelas sob anestesia inalatória. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas 13 cadelas submetidas a ovariohisterectomia eletiva em centro cirúrgico climatizado a 22ºC, divididas em dois grupos: GI, que recebeu fluido em temperatura ambiente e GII, que recebeu fluido aquecido a 37ºC pelo SAF®. Os parâmetros clínicos avaliados em intervalos de 30 minutos (M0, M30, M60 e M90) foram: temperatura retal (TR) e cutânea (TC), freqüências cardíaca (FR) e respiratória (ƒ), pressão arterial média (PAM), tempo de hipnose, concentrações séricas de uréia e creatinina e atividades das enzimas séricas alanina aminotransferase (ALT) e fosfatase alcalina (ALP). RESULTADOS: Não foram evidenciadas alterações clínicas e bioquímicas significativas, mas houve efeito de grupo sobre as variáveis PAM, uréia, ALT, ALP e tempo de hipnose. CONCLUSÃO: O uso isolado do Sistema de Aquecimento de Fluidos (SAF®) não foi suficiente para evitar o estabelecimento da hipotermia em cadelas submetidas a anestesia geral inalatória, ou promover alterações clínicas e bioquímicas significativas.

Effect of heatinf on quality smoked herring [clupea harengus]

Smoked herring was exposed to the local traditional ways of heat treatment [microwave, steaming, baking and direct heat] according to Egyptian habits to determine their effect on the quality of smoked herring, Proximate composition, fatty acids and amino acids were studied. There was a significant [P

Preoperative warming combined with intraoperative skin-surface warming does not avoid hypothermia caused by spinal anesthesia in patients with midazolam premedication

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia is common during spinal anesthesia and after midazolam administration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of intraoperative skin-surface warming with and without 45 minutes of preoperative warming in preventing intraoperative and postoperative hypothermia caused by spinal anesthesia in patients with midazolam premedication. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective and randomized study at Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu. METHODS: Thirty patients presenting American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I and II who were scheduled for elective lower abdominal surgery were utilized. The patients received midazolam premedication (7.5 mg by intramuscular injection) and standard spinal anesthesia. Ten patients (Gcontrol) received preoperative and intraoperative passive thermal insulation. Ten patients (Gpre+intra) underwent preoperative and intraoperative active warming. Ten patients (Gintra) were only warmed intraoperatively. RESULTS: After 45 min of preoperative warming, the patients in Gpre+intra had significantly higher core temperatures than did the patients in the unwarmed groups (Gcontrol and Gintra) before the anesthesia (p < 0.05) but not at the beginning of surgery (p > 0.05). The patients who were warmed intraoperatively had significantly higher core temperatures than did the patients in Gcontrol at the end of surgery (p < 0.05). All the patients were hypothermic at admission to the recovery room (T CORE < 36° C). CONCLUSIONS: Forty-five minutes of preoperative warming combined with intraoperative skin-surface warming does not avoid but minimizes hypothermia caused by spinal anesthesia in patients with midazolam premedication.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Hipotermia inadvertida no perioperatório é freqüente durante anestesia subaracnóidea e após a administração de midazolam. O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos do aquecimento da pele no intra-operatório, associado ou não ao aquecimento da pele durante o período de 45 minutos no pré-operatório, na prevenção de hipotermia intra- e pós-operatória determinada pela anestesia subaracnóidea em pacientes com medicação pré-anestésica com midazolam. TIPO DE ETUDO E LOCAL: Estudo prospectivo e aleatório, realizado no Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, SP. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado em 30 pacientes com estado físico ASA (da Sociedade Norte-americana de Anestesiologistas) I e II submetidos à cirurgia eletiva do abdômen. Como medicação pré-anestésica, utilizou-se o midazolam, 7,5 mg via intramuscular (IM) e anestesia subaracnóidea padrão. Em 10 pacientes (Gcontrole) utilizou-se isolamento térmico passivo; 10 pacientes (Gpré+intra) foram submetidos a aquecimento ativo no pré- e intra-operatório; e 10 pacientes (Gintra) foram aquecidos ativamente somente no intra-operatório. RESULTADOS: Após 45 minutos de aquecimento no pré-operatório, os pacientes do Gpré+intra apresentaram temperatura central mais elevada em relação aos dos grupos não aquecidos antes da anestesia (p < 0,05) mas não no início da cirurgia (p > 0,05). Os pacientes que receberam aquecimento no intra-operatório apresentaram temperatura central mais elevada no final da cirurgia em relação aos de Gcontrole (p < 0,05). Todos os pacientes estavam hipotérmicos na admissão da sala de recuperação pós-anestésica (temperatura central < 36° C). CONCLUSÕES: 45 minutos de aquecimento no pré-operatório combinado com aquecimento no intra- operatório não evita, mas minimiza a ocorrência de hipotermia determinada pela anestesia subaracnóidea em pacientes que receberam midazolam como medicação pré-anestésica.

Comparing effects of different heating methods in neutralising toxin botulism

Botulism toxicity, which is commonly seen after use of house or industrial conserves, is caused by the effect of clostridium neurotoxin. Different types of these neurotoxin are A to H but only A, B and E types affect human. This neurotoxin is severely fatal for human, and because of the presence of this microorganism in all around the world's soil, and growing conditions in non-aerobic environments, conserved foods are able to produce toxin in conserves. Mostly the disease after that happens has an outbreak. This neurotoxin is sensitive to heat and can be easily neutralized in doubtful foods. In this model, this toxin was inoculated to 13 various kinds of conserves and after two days was heated by different methods. Heating methods included heating by microwave, direct heat, immersing closed conserve in boiling water, and using over 140c. According to the results, microwave with 100% of power in 3 minutes, direct heat in 10-15 minutes and heating by boiling water in at least 30 minutes are able to neutralize toxin botulism; and oven method with dry heat is not a suitable method for neutralizing toxin botulism

Rapid detection of fungal filaments in corneal scrapings by microwave heating-assisted Grocott's methenamine silver staining.

The Gomoris methanamine silver impregnation technique is a highly reliable and archiveable method of detecting fungal filaments, but the staining procedure is time consuming and laborious. A technique using microwave energy to reduce the duration of Gomori's silver staining is described.

effect of different curing methods on the bond strength of heat-cured soft lining material and heat-cured acrylic resin: a comparative study

One of the serious defects of soft lining materials is their poor adhesion base. So, in this study the effect of different curing methods on the bond strength of heat cured acrylic resin and heat cured acrylic soft liner was investigated. Sixty specimens were prepared, thirty for shear test, and thirty for tensile test and eash of them was subdivided equally into three groups according to different curing methods, microwave oven, conventional curing bath and domestic pressure cooker [P.C] Half of the specimens were stored in distilled water for 2 days and the remainder for 30 days. The force required for failure by separation of soft liner was measured using Lloxd universal testing machine at cross heat speed 22mm/min. The results of this investigation showed that the highest bonding strength was obtained when using domestic P.C. either after 2 days or after 30 days storage in distilled water. While the bond strength of soft lining material cured by conventional curing bath and microwave oven was less than cured by domestic P.C, also there was a reduction of this bond strength after 30 days of storage in distilled water. The microwave group showed the least value of bond strength. There was no significant difference between the bond strength of the microwave group and conventional group after 2 days of storage while there was significant difference between them after 30 days of storage

Effect of palatal portion replacement on the vertical pin opening and linear dimensions of maxillary denture relined with heat cured acrylic resin

Twenty four duplicate maxillary dentures were relined with heat cured acrylic resin to study the effect of palatal portion replacement on the linear dimensional changes and vertical pin opening. Dentures relined without palatal portion replacement were compared to those with either the central part or most of the palatal portion; including the posterior palatal border; removed. The results of this study concluded that, palatal portion replacement must be accomplished during relining; preferably; the posterior palatal border must be included in this replacement. The increased vertical dimension after maxillary denture relining is probably attributed to curing shrinkage of the denture base

Elección de la mejor alternativa de energía para calefacción intradomiciliaria: aplicabilidad de los métodos de decisión multicriterio en problemáticas ambientales / Selecting the most convenient energy alternative for heating system: applied judgement parameters for complex multicriteria environmental problems

Actualmente se sabe que la calidad del aire intradomiciliario puede ser un factor tanto o más importante que la contaminación exterior en términos de salud de la población, lo que se debe principalmente al uso de fuentes de energía altamente contaminantes. Problema que adquiere gran importancia en aquellas ciudades con clima frío y lluvioso en donde las personas permanecen preferentemente en lugares cerrados. Por lo tanto, la elección de una determinada alternativa energética para calefacción debe considerar variables cualitativas y cuantitativas tales como: el beneficio entregado, el costo y los potenciales riesgos en salud y medioambiente. Con el objetivo de integrar la mayoría de los criterios de decisión, definidos sobre la base de su importancia relativa, se aplicó a 10 usuarios (incluidos los autores) una moderna y flexible herramienta de análisis multicriterio usada en la toma de decisiones denominada Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Las alternativas energéticas analizadas fueron: gas, parafina, leña CL (combustión lenta), Leña N (combustión normal), electricidad (sistema oleolítico) y carbón. El análisi del conjunto de los criterios muestra que la electricidad es la mejor alternativa (49 por ciento) seguida del gas (30 por ciento), ambos sistemas fueron significativamente mejores que los otros. este estudio sugiere que el uso de herramientas modernas aplicadas como apoyo en la toma de decisiones en gestión ambiental, permiten evaluar objetivamente un importante problema de salud pública